Environmental Benefits of using a More Mpg Now Hydrogen Fuel Enhancement System

How can you convert wasted emissions (hydrocarbons) into energy in combustion?

June 2012, World health organisation reports officially that diesel exhaust emissions are carinogenic

12 June 2012 -- After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization, today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer.

Background

Transport emissions and their effects on both Climate change and the Environment, along with related health problems are increasingly one of the worlds most significant problems affecting the planet today.

We enclose some background information, below, on the science, applied technology and history of developments with hydrogen as a dual fuel additive, generating green energy.

The addition of hydrogen and oxygen gas to internal combustion engines to aid the combustion of fuel has been studied by many and is not new within the scientific world. Aims for such studies include engine emission control and increased efficiencies including the reduction of fuel consumption. The effectiveness of the particular approach has been acknowledged in various papers produced by researchers of different disciplines and qualifications. Further study is required to fully understand and quantify the true potential of the technology.

2. To bring attention to the particular findings of these reports as to inform the reader of the existing research available on the subject matter.

3. To provide the complete documents of studies used for research reference. These can be found attached at the end of this document.

1. Effect of H2/O2 addition in increasing the thermal efficiency of a diesel engine

v Sustainable Energy Centre, School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia

3. An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen-enriched Air Induction in a Diesel Engine System

4. Investigation of the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Diesel Engine

5. Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Fuel Injection in DI Dual Fuel Engine

v Hydrogen Economy Utilization Co., Altintepsi Mah. Kazim Karabekir Cad. No: 67,Istanbul, Turkey

7. Emissions and Total Energy Consumption of Multi-Cylinder Piston Engine Running on Gasoline and a Hydrogen-Gasoline Mixture

8. Effect of Hydrogen Enriched Hydrocarbon Combustion on Emissions and Performance

9. Combined hydrogen diesel combustion: An experimental investigation into the effects of hydrogen addition on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition

10. Effect of H2/O2 addition in increasing the thermal efficiency of a diesel engine

v Sustainable Energy Centre, School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia

Using hydrogen as an additive to enhance the conventional diesel engine performance has been investigated by several researchers and the outcomes are very promising. However, the problems associated with the production and storage of pure hydrogen and the lubrication requirements of diesel engines and fuel pumps currently limits the application of pure hydrogen in diesel engine operation. On-board hydrogen–oxygen generator, which produces H2/O2 mixture through electrolysis of water, has significant potential to overcome these problems. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance enhancement of a conventional diesel engine through the addition of H2/O2 mixture, generated through water electrolysis. The experimental works were carried out under constant speed with varying load and amount of H2/O2 mixture. Results show that by using 4.84%, 6.06%, and 6.12% total diesel equivalent of H2/O2 mixture the brake thermal efficiency increased from 32.0% to 34.6%, 32.9% to 35.8% and 34.7% to 36.3% at 19 kW, 22 kW and 28 kW, respectively. These resulted in 15.07%, 15.16% and 14.96% fuel savings. The emissions of HC, CO2 and CO decreased, whereas the NOx emission increased.

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

Toru Miyamoto, Hirokazu Hasegawa, Takashi Yagenji, Takehiko Seo, Masato Mikami

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

“Addition of hydrogen to the air intake of a combustion engine can dramatically cut the pollutants in the engine's exhaust. Reductions up to 50% have been observed in studies, some dating back into the 1950's. Hydrogen bums more fiercely, propagating the flame front faster, increasing the efficiency of combustion, and burning the fuel more completely.” In the Hydrogen Generator, distilled water is converted by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which is then pulled into the engine through the air intake. This uses some of the engine's power, but the return from increased efficiency in a lot of cases is more than the cost of the electricity. Fuel efficiency can increase, as stated in both customer letters and formal test results. The main benefit, however, is a reduction in exhaust emissions, which is fast becoming more important to independent truckers. Several states, California and New Jersey for example, are heavily fining truckers for smoky exhaust, making a device like this invaluable.”

“There have been a large number of studies where hydrogen has been added to the fuel to reduce the engine's emissions. (See references 1,2,3,4,5,6.) In reference 6, Hoehn and Dowdy of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory performed a feasibility demonstration of a road vehicle fuelled with gasoline, with hydrogen added to the air-fuel mixture.”

“"The JPL concept has unquestionably demonstrated that the addition of small quantities of gaseous hydrogen to the primary gasoline significantly reduces CO and NOx exhaust emissions while improving engine thermal efficiency. " (6)”

“It emerges from reading the studies that the key factor in adding hydrogen is the increased flame speed. The flame front speed for hydrogen is four times the speed of most other fuels.” “Increasing the flame speed in the combustion chamber has a distinct advantage. More fuel is burned in a smaller volume, increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine (7,8,9,10).” “Increased efficiency translates into better utilization of the primary fuel rather than adding power, which results in lower average combustion temperatures and pressures. These reduce NOx formation, since NOx formation is both time and temperature dependent (11). More fully utilizing the fuel also reduces the unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust”

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

13. An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen-enriched Air Induction in a Diesel Engine System

Diesel engines are the most trusted power sources in the transportation industry. They intake air and emit, among others, the pollutants NOX and particulate matter. Continuous efforts and tests have tried to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines. Alternative fuels are key to meeting upcoming stringent emission norms. We study hydrogen as an air-enrichment medium with diesel as an ignition source in a stationary diesel engine system to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. Stationary engines can be operated with less fuel than neat diesel operations, resulting in lower smoke levels and particulate emissions. Hydrogen enriched air systems in diesel engines enable the realization of higher brake thermal efficiency, resulting in lower specific energy consumption (SEC). NOX emissions are reduced from 2762 to 515ppm with 90% hydrogen enrichment at 70% engine load. At full load, NOX emission marginally increases compared to diesel operation, while both smoke and particulate matter are reduced by about 50%. The brake thermal efficiency increases from 22.78% to 27.9% with 30% hydrogen enrichment. Thus, using hydrogen-enriched air in a diesel engine produces less pollution and better performance.

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

14. Investigation of the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Diesel Engine

“The higher engine power with hydrogen addition (Fig. 5, 7) is due to the additional heat released from hydrogen combustion and to the reduced combustion duration (1). The combustion of hydrogen addition provides additional heat energy, which is one of the reasons for ? higher engine output. The shorter combustion duration causes lower heat transfer rate thought the combustion chamber walls and higher diesel fuel heat utilization. As a result of the calculations that were done, the increase of the whole heat added to the engine cycle due to hydrogen combustion is 2, 44% averaged over the entire investigated engine speed region. But the averaged power improvement obtained as a result of the experimental investigation is 15% (Fig. 7). “

The middle indicated pressure improvement at 1500 rpm is 14.8% (Fig. 5). These facts show that the power improvement comes not only from the energy added as a result of hydrogen addition. The greater part of power increase is due to combustion process improvement by the means of combustion duration reduction because of superior combustion and flame propagation properties of hydrogen. The proofs of this statement are the curves of net heat release and net heat release rate shown respectively on (Fig. 4) and (Fig. 3).

“When the engine runs with hydrogen addition heat utilization efficiency improvement was observed. The hydrogen addition influences the power improvement not only quantitatively but qualitatively by the means of combustion improvement.”

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

15. Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Fuel Injection in DI Dual Fuel Engine (2007-01-1465)

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

v Hydrogen Economy Utilization Co., Altintepsi Mah. Kazim Karabekir Cad. No: 67,Istanbul, Turkey

“The technology of using hydrogen as a combustion enhancement method in internal combustion engines has been investigated and verified for many years [2-4]. The results show that a small amount of hydrogen added to the incoming fuel-air mixture would enhance the flame velocity and permit the engine to operate with leaner mixtures. Consequently, hydrogen having a catalytic effect causes a more complete burn of the existing fuel, and yields significant reduction in exhaust emissions with more power and better mileage.”

“The system is primarily based on the electrolysis of water in closed cell electrodes, and the feeding of the thus produced hydrogen and oxygen directly into the intake manifold of the engine.”

“Hydrogen is not stored in the system and is produced only when the engine is running and the gas is immediately introduced into the intake manifold.”

“The system was installed in four cars in order to demonstrate its effect on fuel consumption. These cars are a 1993 model Volvo 940, a 1996 model Mercedes 280, a 1992 model Fiat Kartal and a 1992 model Fiat Dogan. The driving tests under city traffic conditions showed that the fuel consumption for the Volvo 940 dropped to 6 l/100 km from 10.5 l/100 km, a reduction of 43% in fuel consumption. The figures for the Mercedes 280 were a drop from 11 l/100 km to 7 l/100 km, a reduction of 36%. The Fiat Kartal engine consumed 9.5 l/100 km without the system. With the system installed, the fuel consumption was 7 l/100 km which corresponds to a 26% reduction.

The Fiat Dogan engine yielded 9 l/100 km without the system and 6 l/100 km with the system, a reduction of 33%. These results demonstrate the fuel savings potential of the hydrogas system. However, if a device is to reduce fuel consumption, it also has to comply with exhaust emissions regulations. Emission tests show that exhaust emissions such as CO, CO2 and hydrocarbons are not affected negatively by the system. Moreover, these emissions reduce up to a margin of 40±50% depending on the type of the engine. Also, no performance penalty is observed. Acceleration, torque and maximum power remains unchanged. Therefore, without altering any performance criteria, the system yields 35±40% fuel savings and reduces exhaust emissions.”

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

17. Emissions and Total Energy Consumption of Multi-Cylinder Piston Engine Running on Gasoline and a Hydrogen-Gasoline Mixture

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, 0. C. MAY 1977

Results & Discussions – Page 10

“Flame speed. -Theoretical cycle analyses show that, for similar compression ratios and heat additions, constant-volume combustion processes are the most efficient. The reasons are that the maximum possible expansion of the working fluid occurs at high temperatures and that a minimum amount of heat is rejected. Consequently, high flame-speed combustion processes, which closely approximate constant volume processes, should result in high efficiencies. The effect of flame speed on efficiency is important in lean-mixture-ratio combustion because the flame speed decreases as the equivalence ratio decreases.”

“At the same equivalence ratio, the energy lost to the exhaust flow is less with hydrogen-gasoline than with gasoline.”

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

18. Effect of Hydrogen Enriched Hydrocarbon Combustion on Emissions and Performance

Abstract
The principle of this mode of combustion is to add a percentage of hydrogen gas to the combustion reactions of either compression or spark ignition engines. The addition of hydrogen has been shown to decrease the formation of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons. Studies have shown that added hydrogen in percentages as low as 5-10% percent of the hydrocarbon fuel can reduce that hydrocarbon fuel consumption. The theory behind this concept is that the addition of hydrogen can extend the lean operation limit, improve the lean burn ability, and decrease burn duration.

To apply this method to an engine a source of hydrogen is needed. At this time the simplest option would be to carry a tank of hydrogen. Research is being conducted to allow the hydrogen to be reformed from the vehicles hydrocarbon fuel supply or produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water. In the future, better methods could be developed for storing hydrogen in the vehicle or production of hydrogen on-board the vehicle.

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

19 Combined hydrogen diesel combustion: An experimental investigation into the effects of hydrogen addition on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition

This investigation examines the effects of load, speed, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) level and hydrogen addition level on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition. The experiments were performed on a 2.0 litre, 4 cylinder, direct injection engine. EGR levels were then varied from 0% to 40%. Hydrogen induction was varied between 0 and 10% vol. of the inlet charge. In the case of using hydrogen and EGR, the hydrogen replaced air. The load was varied from 0 to 5.4 bar BMEP at two engine speeds, 1500 rpm and 2500 rpm. For this investigation the carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and the filter smoke number (FSN) were all measured. The in-cylinder pressure was also captured to allow the heat release rate to be calculated and, therefore, the combustion to be analysed. A gravimetric analysis of the particulate matter size distribution was conducted using a nano-MOUDI. Finally, a GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the THC emissions. The experimental data showed that although CO, FSN and THC increase with EGR, NOX emissions decrease. Inversely, CO, FSN and THC emissions decrease with hydrogen, but NOX increases. When hydrogen was introduced the peak cylinder pressure was increased, as was the maximum rate of in-cylinder pressure rise. The position of the peak cylinder pressure was delayed as hydrogen addition increased. This together with the obtained heat release patterns shows an increase in ignition delay, and a higher proportion of premixed combustion. The experimental work showed that the particulate matter size distribution was not dramatically altered by the addition of EGR, but the main peak was slightly shifted towards the nucleation mode with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen addition does not appear to have a large effect on the chemical composition of the THC, but does dramatically decrease the emissions.

The complete document should be read to understand the experiment and its results.

Conclusions:

The reports identify various studies done by independent Universities and research bodies. The discussions and results from these studies all conclude that there are significant benefits in the use of hydrogen as an aid to the combustion of fuel to enrich the air intake to the internal combustion engine, even where generated on board from alternator current. By doing this the characteristics of hydrogen gas change the combustion in such a manner as to increase engine efficiencies and reduce hydrocarbon emissions and fuel consumption, above the energy required to produce oxy-hydrogen on board, concluding a number of beneficial findings which are not only due to increased thermal efficiency, but also due to a more complete combustion process, resulting in lower emissions.

Just a selectetion of thesis reports for anyone that refers to the technology as a scam !

A selection of extracts is also provided from NASA, DOT (US Dept of Transport), USPTO (US Patent Office), JPL (California Institute of Technology) and The Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit MI.

As far back as May 1977, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington DC) in their Technical Note Report E-9105 reported:
‘ Adding hydrogen to gasoline significantly increased flame speed and allows for a leaner air-fuel ratio. All emissions levels decreased at these leaner conditions’.

For a summary of the bi-fuel economy benefits link here.

HHO ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Remember More MPG Now provides a fuel economy system that produces hydrogen (hho gas) as a fuel supplement (or additive) on demand as you drive your vehicle. There is no storage of hydrogen, thus eliminating the fear factor associated with this type of fuel. This is not a modification to the engine, simply an add-on device that allows you to run your vehicle as a bi-fuel on a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen and whatever fuel you currently use.

In the average engine only a minority of the fuel is consumed for power. The bulk of it is lost in therma losses, friction and unburned fuel passing through the exhaust as emissions. Over time carbon accumulates on the top of pistons, around the valve seats and all over the combustion chamber itself. This in turn creates hot spots, thus increasing your engine’s tendency to ‘knock’. All fossil based fuels create carbon as a by-product. In time this affects the performance of your engine in a negative manner (decreased horse-power and torque). By supplementing with a hydrogen fuel enhancement cell, you will have peace of mind knowing that every mile driven is removing carbon from your engine. It’s also interesting to note that vehicle owners report to us that their engines feel smoother to drive and have more tractable power while towing or travelling up inclines.

By using electrolysis the fuel cell converts water stored in the vehicle into its constituent parts – oxygen and hydrogen (called HHO or Browns gas). The introduction of these hho gases (using water as fuel) accelerates the flame spread during combustion therefore getting more of the fuel to combust and reducing emissions.

More complete combustion requires a smaller amount of fuel for the equivalent power and more carbon is actually consumed, thus reducing harmful emissions into the environment. The engine has better lubrication and also runs cooler and cleaner and on average will have a longer service life.

When burned, the ‘HHO gas’ that is produced converts back to its most stable form and of course we know that to be water. No harmful chemicals are emitted from this system. Since your engine would require LESS FUEL and BURN IT MORE COMPLETELY, the overall effect is a dramatic reduction in harmful emissions. You'll be able to smell the difference. Reduced emission vehicles are now feeling the economic benefit of new government legislation in the areas of road tax discounts, congestion charge discounts and parking.

We are now collecting and collating data on installations to produce empirical data from the UK and global markets on the impact of HHO conversions on emissions. Would you like to see how this can reduce your carbon footprint?

In summary our hydrogen bi-fuel hybrid systems not only reduce carbon emissions caused by unburned fuel, but also clean your engine while you drive and release additional oxygen into the air rather than polluting it. Use water for fuel now!

Environmental Benefit

Environmental Damage Caused by Vehicle Emissions

What is the best way to reduce vehicle emissions and reduce particulate matter (PM) ?

read more: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/7/12-010712/en/

Background

HHO ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Green Fuel Economy Solutions